Scholarship@WashULaw

Document Type

Book Section

Language

English (en)

Publication Date

2026

Publication Title

Private Enterprises in Space

Abstract

Private entities are influencing the development of international space law. Space enterprises need regulatory certainty and consistent standards to attract capital and develop their plans for space. Yet, states have lagged in their capacity to make multilateral international space law in traditional public fora. Private entities have responded to this legal lag by attempting to create, develop, and nudge international space law in commerce-friendly ways. This chapter surveys a variety of modalities by which commercial actors can affect the development of international law, offers several examples of how commercial lawmaking efforts

Keywords

International Space Law, Commercial Space Activities, Space Commercialization, Outer Space Treaty, Customary International Law, Soft Law, International Lawmaking, Lobbying, COPUOS, Artemis Accords

Publication Citation

Melissa J. Durkee, Space Enterprises as International Lawmakers: Nudges, Pledges, and Other Bottom-Up Modalities, in Private Enterprises in Space (Jędrzej Górski, & Yun Zhao eds., forthcoming)

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